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Two Australians win Nobel Prize in medicine "It is now firmly established that Helicobacter pylori causes more than 90 percent of duodenal ulcers and up to 80 percent of gastric ulcers," the assembly said in its citation. Marshall is a researcher at the University of Western Australia in Nedlands. Warren retired in 1999 from a pathology position at the Royal Perth Hospital. The coveted award honoring achievements in medical research opened this year's series of prize announcements. It will be followed by prizes for physics, chemistry, literature, peace and economics. The medicine prize is awarded by the Karolinska institute in Stockholm as stated in the will of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish industrialist who founded the prestigious awards in 1895. The winners were picked by the institute's Nobel Assembly. The process for selecting winners is extremely secretive — nominations are kept sealed for 50 years — leaving Nobel-watchers little to go on in their speculation. The medicine prize includes a check for $1.3 million, a diploma, gold medal and a handshake with the king of Sweden at the award ceremony in Stockholm on Dec. 10. Warren and Marshall are not the first Australians to win a Nobel Prize. In 1973, Patrick White, the author of "The Aunt's Story" and "The Tree of Man" was awarded the 1973 Nobel Prize in literature. Other Australian winners include John Warcup Cornforth, who won the chemistry award in 1975, and medicine winners Sir Howard Walter Florey (1945), Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet (1960), Sir John Carew Eccles (1963) and Peter C. Doherty (1996). Last year's laureates, Americans Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck, won for
discovering how people can recognize an estimated 10,000 odors — from spoiled
meat to a lover's perfume — and remember them.
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